| Petrol | Liquefied Petroleum Gas(LPG) |
|---|---|
| Fuel consumption in petrol engine is less when compared to LPG. | Compared to petrol, running the engine on LPG results in around a 10% increase in consumption. |
| Petrol has odour | LPG is odourless |
| Octane rating of petrol is 81 | Octane rating of LPG is 110 |
| Petrol engine is not as smooth as LPG engine | Due to higher octane rating, the combustion of LPG is smoother and knocking is eliminated and the engine runssmoothly. |
| In order to increase octane number petrol required lead additives. | LPG is lead-free with high octane number |
| The mixture of petrol and air always leaks past the piston rings and washes away the lubricating oil from the upper cylinder wall surfaces in the process. This results in lack of lubricant which causes more wear. It also carries with it unburnt fuel components (black carbon) and falls into theengine oil. Thus the life of petrolengine is shorter. | When LPG leaks past the rings into the crankcase, it does not wash oil from cylinder walls and does not generate black carbon. Hence, the lubricating layer is not washed away. Thereby, the engine life is increased by 50%. |
| Due to formation of carbon deposits on the spark plugs, the life of the spark plugs is shortened. | Due to absence of carbon deposits on the electrodes of the spark plugs, the life of the spark plugs is increased. |
| Carburetor supplies the mixture of petrol and air in the proper ratio to the engine cylinders for combustion. | The vaporizer functions as the carburetor when the engine runs on LPG. It is a control device that reduces LPG pressure, vaporizes it and supplies to the engine with a regular flow of gas as per the engine requirement. |
Ans. Any type of engine or machine which derives heat energy from the combustion of fuel or any other source and converts this energy into mechanical energy is termed as a ‘‘heat engine’’.
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Ans. The cylinder contains gas under pressure and guides the piston. It is made of hard grade cast iron and is usually cast in one piece.
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Ans. The average speed of the piston is called “piston speed”. Piston speed = 2 LN, where L and N are the stroke length and engine speed (in r.p.m.) respectively.
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Ans. Adiabatic compression (of air) ; Heat addition a constant pressure ; Adiabatic expansion; Heat rejection at constant volume.
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Ans. Brayton cycle is a constant pressure cycle for a perfect gas. It is also called Joule cycle.An ideal gas turbine plant would perform the processes that make up a Brayton cycle.
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Ans. Combustion may be defined as a relatively rapid chemical combination of hydrogen and carbon in the fuel with the oxygen in the air, resulting in liberation of energy in the form of heat.
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Ans.Pre-ignition is the ignition of homogeneous mixture in the cylinder, before the timed ignition spark occurs, caused by the local overheating of the combustible mixture.
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Ans. Performance Number (PN) = klimep of test fuel klimep of iso-octane where, klimep stands for knock limited indicated mean effective pressure.
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Ans. Diesel knock is the sound produced by the very rapid rate of pressure rise during the early part of the uncontrolled second phase of combustion. The primary cause of an excessively high pressure rise is the prolonged delay period.
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Ans. The ideal air capacity corresponds to filling the displaced volume (i.e., piston swept volume) with fresh mixture at inlet conditions.
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Ans. The process of clearing the cylinder after the expansion stroke is called “scavenging process”. The scavenging process is the replacement of combustion products in the cylinder from the previous stroke with fresh air charge to be burned in the next cycle.
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Ans..The property of a fuel which describes how fuel will or will not self-ignite is called theoctane number or just octane.
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Ans. A carburettor is a device which atomises the fuel and mixes it with air. It is the most important part of the induction system.
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Ans. A Choke is simply butterfly valve located between the entrance to the carburettor and the venturi throat.
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Ans. ‘Ignition’ is only a pre-requisite of combustion. It does not influence the gross combustion process. It is only a small scale phenomenon taking place within a specified small zone in the combustion chamber.
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Ans. ‘Magneto’ is a special type of ignition system with its own electric generator to provide the necessary energy for the system. It is an efficient, reliable, self contained unit which is often preferred for aircraft engines because storage batteries are heavy and troublesome.
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Ans. ? It is that type of lubrication in which bearing surfaces are completely separated by a layer of film of lubricant and that the frictional resistance arises only due to relative movements of the lubricant layer
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Ans. A high viscosity index indicates relatively smaller changes in viscosity of the oil with the temperature.
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Ans.‘Engine performance’ is an indication of the degree of success with which it does its assigned job i.e., convention of chemical energy contained in the fuel into the useful mechanical work.
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Ans. The total power developed by combustion of fuel in the combustion chamber is called indicated power.
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Ans. “Rope brake dynamometer” is cheap and easily constructed but not very accurate because of changes in friction coefficient of rope with temperature.
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Ans. The chemically correct air-fuel ratio by mass for complete combustion is known as ‘stoichiometric ratio’.
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Ans. A ‘Multi-fuel engine’ is one which can operate satisfactorily (with substantially unchanged performance and efficiency) on a wide variety of fuels ranging from diesel oil, crude oil, IP-4 to lighter fuel like gasoline, and even normal lubricating oil
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Ans.The alternate compression at low temperature and expansion at high temperature of a working fluid is the basis for the stirling engine. — The working fluid is heated in a radically different manner. It burns fuel outside the engine itself, and continuously
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safety engineering is provide to protective work culture and control of workplace accident that may cause worker injuries or disorders
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The following general types of safety are considered in the workshop.
1. Safety of self.
2. Safety of job.
3. Safety of machines tools.
Developing a solid safety plan is vital in workplaces, and recreational areas. It starts with a thorough risk assessment to identify potential hazards and assess their possible impact. Equally important is being well-prepared for emergencies, involving the creation of clear plans for different scenarios.
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A large number of revolving, rotating, reciprocating and moving parts of machinery can besaid as the sources of danger and require guarding for protection against accidents.
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The accidents are unwanted events or mishaps that result in some sort of injury to men, material, machines, tools, equipment and semi or finished product hence, a loss to the whole establishment.
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Few safety measures commonly used in industries comprise of the proper safety guards for reciprocating machine components such as drop hammers, presses, shaper, slotter, power hacksaw, paper cutters etc., fencing of dangerous and rotating parts like revolving shafts,
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The common methods of safety are as follows:
1.Safety by construction or design.
2.Safety by position.
3.Safety by using fixed guards.
4.Safety by using interlock guards.
5.Safety by using automatic guards.
Safety Precautions while Working with Different Cutting Tools: Like as Make files, cutting, Chisels, Saws, Reamers, Tap and Dies, Abrasives.
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Safety Precautions while Working with Different hand Tools: Like as Screw Drivers, Wrenches, Hammers.
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They must be strictly followed for safety. Specific safety guidelines for some of the machine process like lathe, drilling, shaping, planning slotting, grinding, milling, and finishing operations.
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Replace Cracked Grinding Wheels: If you notice that the grinding wheel is badly cracked, replace it promptly. Damaged wheels can lead to accidents during operation.
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All foundry men should wear protective clothes, glasses, shoes, and gloves while handling molten metal for casting process.
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A welding shop is where metal pieces are joined using heat or pressure. Safety and proper equipment are essential for efficient welding processes.
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Factory Act is to safeguard workers from industrial hazards and ensure a secure and improved working environment, with specific provisions outlined for the fencing of machinery and other safety measures.
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In industry, an inquiry is normally ordered for electrical accident. Items carrying electricity should be properly insulated. Ageing of insulation withstand capacity and should not be allowed to leak current.
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The main factors for combustions are presence of oxygen, availability of combustible materials and rise of temperature to the ignition point for the material The cause of fire accidents may be electric-short circuit.
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The main factors for combustions are presence of oxygen, availability of combustible materials and rise of temperature to the ignition point for the material The cause of fire accidents may be electric-short circuit.
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Effects of dusts, fumes, heat, noise and vibration due to hot and cold working of metals and crush and other injuries due to machine tools are discussed earlier.
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sometimes accidents may also occur in industries. After major or minor accidents, an injured worker requires immediate preliminary treatment in the absence of same his condition may become highly critical.
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sA Cupola furnace is utilized for melting recycled metal or pig iron to manufacture diverse cast irons. Crucial factors in choosing cupolas include melting capability, shell diameter with or without lining, and spark arrestor.
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Antidotes are therapeutic agents used to counteract the toxic effects of specific xenobiotics. These are heterogenous group of substances consisting of pharmaceuticals, biological agents and immunoglobulin fragments.
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This Glossary of safety to help understand basic term of safety
read moreSafety Manufacuturing PPE Automation & Mechanization Friction Lubricants Classification of manufacturing advantage and dis. LPG 5S News fire prevention ci vs si engine Gear LPG vs petrol
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